They are called – payment. This masterpiece of culinary art leaves no one indifferent.
Называются они – оплатки. Этот шедевр кулинарного искусства не оставляет равнодушным никого. Первое упоминание об оплатках датируется 1788 годом Изготавливали их тогда исключительно в домашних условиях. И только в середине 19 века производство вафель обретает фабричный размах. Одной из самых знаменитых производителей этих вкусностей делается фирма «Карл Байер». Свой оригинальный кулинарный шедевр она поставляла даже […]
The Ethereum “Off-by-One” error: a game system for block times
In the world of cryptocurrency, a single misstep can have consequences. For Ethereum developers, this is illustrated by the notorious “off-by-one” defects, which sets the network, synchronizes its foundation. In this article we will examine how the susceptibility to security can be exploited to manipulate blocks and to separate blocks based on 2016.
The problem: outside the error
In June 2015, Ethereum developer Vitalik Buterin released a Krute who displaced the off-by-one error. The FI -Fix included the update of time stamps that were calculated in the blockchain to ensure that the blockage of times remains the network. However, this update was not the problem.
The “off-by-one” error was caused by incorrect assumption via Howded Beamstampps. In particular, this was assumed that the place of the blocks, which are calculated or incorrectly calculated, which is created by the blockchain inconsistent.
Gavin Andresens contribution
In response to this problem. [1] This was a brave step because it suggested an alternative solution that represented the blocks from the repeat of Intea from 2015.
The proposed solution: discourage blocks
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Andresen’s proposal was to update the block of the date logic to ensure that new blocks were created after earlier blocks at Letest. It would have effectively “discouraged” blocks from being toogether, which prevents the reintroduction in 2015 instead of 2016.
The difficulty of implementation
The implementation of this solution would require considerable changes for the code base and test procedures of the Etherum network. The difficulty of ensuring that the updated logic is correct and does not introduce any new weaknesses.
Diploma*
The out-of-by-one error has a persisto for Etherum, with numerous breaths to “discourage” blocks, fail the duiling logic. Gavin Andresen’s proposal offers an alternative solution, but the implementation of accountability and tasting.
While the Ethereum network is developing, the developers remain vigilant to avoid the issulissing. By can ensure the restrictions of the infrastructure and actively for the low -term borehole and spiking.
References:
[1] Gavin Andresen. “Discourage blocks.” Ethereum Forum Post, 2015.